In this notebook we will look into building an RAG pipeline and evaluating it with LlamaIndex. It has following 3 sections.
- Understanding Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG).
- Building RAG with LlamaIndex.
- Evaluating RAG with LlamaIndex.
Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
LLMs are trained on vast datasets, but these will not include your specific data. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) addresses this by dynamically incorporating your data during the generation process. This is done not by altering the training data of LLMs, but by allowing the model to access and utilize your data in real-time to provide more tailored and contextually relevant responses.
In RAG, your data is loaded and and prepared for queries or “indexed”. User queries act on the index, which filters your data down to the most relevant context. This context and your query then go to the LLM along with a prompt, and the LLM provides a response.
Even if what you’re building is a chatbot or an agent, you’ll want to know RAG techniques for getting data into your application.
Stages within RAG
There are five key stages within RAG, which in turn will be a part of any larger application you build. These are:
Loading: this refers to getting your data from where it lives – whether it’s text files, PDFs, another website, a database, or an API – into your pipeline. LlamaHub provides hundreds of connectors to choose from.
Indexing: this means creating a data structure that allows for querying the data. For LLMs this nearly always means creating vector embeddings, numerical representations of the meaning of your data, as well as numerous other metadata strategies to make it easy to accurately find contextually relevant data.
Storing: Once your data is indexed, you will want to store your index, along with any other metadata, to avoid the need to re-index it.
Querying: for any given indexing strategy there are many ways you can utilize LLMs and LlamaIndex data structures to query, including sub-queries, multi-step queries and hybrid strategies.
Evaluation: a critical step in any pipeline is checking how effective it is relative to other strategies, or when you make changes. Evaluation provides objective measures of how accurate, faithful and fast your responses to queries are.
Build RAG system
Now that we have understood the significance of RAG system, let’s build a simple RAG pipeline.!
pip install llama-index # The nest_asyncio module enables the nesting of asynchronous functions within an already running async loop.# This is necessary because Jupyter notebooks inherently operate in an asynchronous loop.# By applying nest_asyncio, we can run additional async functions within this existing loop without conflicts.
import nest_asyncio nest_asyncio.apply() from llama_index.evaluation
import generate_question_context_pairs from llama_index
import VectorStoreIndex, SimpleDirectoryReader, ServiceContext from llama_index.node_parser
import SimpleNodeParser from llama_index.evaluation
import generate_question_context_pairs from llama_index.evaluation
import RetrieverEvaluator from llama_index.llms
import OpenAI import os import pandas as pdSet Your OpenAI API Keyos.environ[‘OPENAI_API_KEY’] = ‘YOUR OPENAI API KEY’
Let’s use Paul Graham Essay text for building RAG pipeline.
Download Data
!mkdir -p 'data/paul_graham/' !curl 'https://raw.githubusercontent.com/run-llama/llama_index/main/docs/examples/data/paul_graham/paul_graham_essay.txt' -o 'data/paul_graham/paul_graham_essay.txt'
Load Data and Build Index
documents = SimpleDirectoryReader("./data/paul_graham/").load_data() # Define an LLM llm = OpenAI(model="gpt-4") # Build index with a chunk_size of 512 node_parser = SimpleNodeParser.from_defaults(chunk_size=512) nodes = node_parser.get_nodes_from_documents(documents) vector_index = VectorStoreIndex(nodes)
Build a QueryEngine and start querying.query_engine = vector_index.as_query_engine() response_vector = query_engine.query(“What did the author do growing up?”)
Check response.response_vector.response ‘The author wrote short stories and worked on programming, specifically on an IBM 1401 computer using an early version of Fortran.’
By default it retrieves two similar nodes/ chunks. You can modify that in vector_index.as_query_engine(similarity_top_k=k).
Let’s check the text in each of these retrieved nodes.
First retrieved node
response_vector.source_nodes[0].get_text() ‘What I Worked On\n\nFebruary 2021\n\nBefore college the two main things I worked on, outside of school, were writing and programming. I didn\’t write essays. I wrote what beginning writers were supposed to write then, and probably still are: short stories. My stories were awful. They had hardly any plot, just characters with strong feelings, which I imagined made them deep.\n\nThe first programs I tried writing were on the IBM 1401 that our school district used for what was then called “data processing.” This was in 9th grade, so I was 13 or 14. The school district\’s 1401 happened to be in the basement of our junior high school, and my friend Rich Draves and I got permission to use it. It was like a mini Bond villain\’s lair down there, with all these alien-looking machines — CPU, disk drives, printer, card reader — sitting up on a raised floor under bright fluorescent lights.\n\nThe language we used was an early version of Fortran. You had to type programs on punch cards, then stack them in the card reader and press a button to load the program into memory and run it. The result would ordinarily be to print something on the spectacularly loud printer.\n\nI was puzzled by the 1401. I couldn\’t figure out what to do with it. And in retrospect there\’s not much I could have done with it. The only form of input to programs was data stored on punched cards, and I didn\’t have any data stored on punched cards. The only other option was to do things that didn\’t rely on any input, like calculate approximations of pi, but I didn\’t know enough math to do anything interesting of that type. So I\’m not surprised I can\’t remember any programs I wrote, because they can\’t have done much. My clearest memory is of the moment I learned it was possible for programs not to terminate, when one of mine didn\’t. On a machine without time-sharing, this was a social as well as a technical error, as the data center manager\’s expression made clear.\n\nWith microcomputers, everything changed.’# Second retrieved node response_vector.source_nodes[1].get_text() “It felt like I was doing life right. I remember that because I was slightly dismayed at how novel it felt. The good news is that I had more moments like this over the next few years.\n\nIn the summer of 2016 we moved to England. We wanted our kids to see what it was like living in another country, and since I was a British citizen by birth, that seemed the obvious choice. We only meant to stay for a year, but we liked it so much that we still live there. So most of Bel was written in England.\n\nIn the fall of 2019, Bel was finally finished. Like McCarthy’s original Lisp, it’s a spec rather than an implementation, although like McCarthy’s Lisp it’s a spec expressed as code.\n\nNow that I could write essays again, I wrote a bunch about topics I’d had stacked up. I kept writing essays through 2020, but I also started to think about other things I could work on. How should I choose what to do? Well, how had I chosen what to work on in the past? I wrote an essay for myself to answer that question, and I was surprised how long and messy the answer turned out to be. If this surprised me, who’d lived it, then I thought perhaps it would be interesting to other people, and encouraging to those with similarly messy lives. So I wrote a more detailed version for others to read, and this is the last sentence of it.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nNotes\n\n[1] My experience skipped a step in the evolution of computers: time-sharing machines with interactive OSes. I went straight from batch processing to microcomputers, which made microcomputers seem all the more exciting.\n\n[2] Italian words for abstract concepts can nearly always be predicted from their English cognates (except for occasional traps like polluzione). It’s the everyday words that differ. So if you string together a lot of abstract concepts with a few simple verbs, you can make a little Italian go a long way.\n\n[3] I lived at Piazza San Felice 4, so my walk to the Accademia went straight down the spine of old Florence: past the Pitti, across the bridge, past Orsanmichele, between the Duomo and the Baptistery, and then up Via Ricasoli to Piazza San Marco.”
We have built a RAG pipeline and now need to evaluate its performance. We can assess our RAG system/query engine using LlamaIndex’s core evaluation modules. Let’s examine how to leverage these tools to quantify the quality of our retrieval-augmented generation system.
Evaluation
Evaluation should serve as the primary metric for assessing your RAG application. It determines whether the pipeline will produce accurate responses based on the data sources and a range of queries.
While it’s beneficial to examine individual queries and responses at the start, this approach may become impractical as the volume of edge cases and failures increases. Instead, it may be more effective to establish a suite of summary metrics or automated evaluations. These tools can provide insights into overall system performance and indicate specific areas that may require closer scrutiny.
In a RAG system, evaluation focuses on two critical aspects:
- Retrieval Evaluation: This assesses the accuracy and relevance of the information retrieved by the system.
- Response Evaluation: This measures the quality and appropriateness of the responses generated by the system based on the retrieved information.
Question-Context Pair Generation
For the evaluation of a RAG system, it’s essential to have queries that can fetch the correct context and subsequently generate an appropriate response. LlamaIndex offers a generate_question_context_pairs module specifically for crafting questions and context pairs which can be used in the assessment of the RAG system of both Retrieval and Response Evaluation. For more details on Question Generation, please refer to the documentation.qa_dataset = generate_question_context_pairs( nodes, llm=llm, num_questions_per_chunk=2 ) 100%|██████████| 58/58 [06:26<00:00, 6.67s/it]
Retrieval Evaluation
We are now prepared to conduct retrieval evaluations. We will execute our RetrieverEvaluator using the evaluation dataset we have generated.
We first create the Retriever and then define two functions: get_eval_results, which operates our retriever on the dataset, and display_results, which presents the outcomes of the evaluation.
Let’s create the retriever.retriever = vector_index.as_retriever(similarity_top_k=2)
Define RetrieverEvaluator. We use Hit Rate and MRR metrics to evaluate our Retriever.
Hit Rate:
Hit rate calculates the fraction of queries where the correct answer is found within the top-k retrieved documents. In simpler terms, it’s about how often our system gets it right within the top few guesses.
Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR):
For each query, MRR evaluates the system’s accuracy by looking at the rank of the highest-placed relevant document. Specifically, it’s the average of the reciprocals of these ranks across all the queries. So, if the first relevant document is the top result, the reciprocal rank is 1; if it’s second, the reciprocal rank is 1/2, and so on.
Let’s check these metrics to check the performance of out retriever.retriever_evaluator = RetrieverEvaluator.from_metric_names( [“mrr”, “hit_rate”], retriever=retriever ) # Evaluate eval_results =await retriever_evaluator.aevaluate_dataset(qa_dataset)
Let’s define a function to display the Retrieval evaluation results in table format.def display_results(name, eval_results): “””Display results from evaluate.””” metric_dicts = [] for eval_result in eval_results: metric_dict = eval_result.metric_vals_dict metric_dicts.append(metric_dict) full_df = pd.DataFrame(metric_dicts) hit_rate = full_df[“hit_rate”].mean() mrr = full_df[“mrr”].mean() metric_df = pd.DataFrame( {“Retriever Name”: [name], “Hit Rate”: [hit_rate], “MRR”: [mrr]} ) return metric_df display_results(“OpenAI Embedding Retriever”, eval_results)
| Retriever Name | Hit Rate | MRR | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | OpenAI Embedding Retriever | 0.758621 | 0.62069 |
Observation:
The Retriever with OpenAI Embedding demonstrates a performance with a hit rate of 0.7586, while the MRR, at 0.6206, suggests there’s room for improvement in ensuring the most relevant results appear at the top. The observation that MRR is less than the hit rate indicates that the top-ranking results aren’t always the most relevant. Enhancing MRR could involve the use of rerankers, which refine the order of retrieved documents. For a deeper understanding of how rerankers can optimize retrieval metrics, refer to the detailed discussion in our blog post.
Response Evaluation:
- FaithfulnessEvaluator: Measures if the response from a query engine matches any source nodes which is useful for measuring if the response is hallucinated.
- Relevancy Evaluator: Measures if the response + source nodes match the query.
# Get the list of queries from the above created dataset queries = list(qa_dataset.queries.values())
Faithfulness Evaluator
Let’s start with FaithfulnessEvaluator.
We will use gpt-3.5-turbo for generating response for a given query and gpt-4 for evaluation.
Let’s create service_context seperately for gpt-3.5-turbo and gpt-4.
# gpt-3.5-turbo gpt35 = OpenAI(temperature=0, model=“gpt-3.5-turbo”) service_context_gpt35 = ServiceContext.from_defaults(llm=gpt35)
# gpt-4 gpt4 = OpenAI(temperature=0, model=“gpt-4”) service_context_gpt4 = ServiceContext.from_defaults(llm=gpt4)
Create a QueryEngine with gpt-3.5-turbo service_context to generate response for the query.vector_index = VectorStoreIndex(nodes, service_context = service_context_gpt35) query_engine = vector_index.as_query_engine()
Create a FaithfulnessEvaluator.from llama_index.evaluation import FaithfulnessEvaluator faithfulness_gpt4 = FaithfulnessEvaluator(service_context=service_context_gpt4)
Let’s evaluate on one question.eval_query = queries[10] eval_query “Based on the author’s experience and observations, why did he consider the AI practices during his first year of grad school as a hoax? Provide specific examples from the text to support your answer.”
Generate response first and use faithfull evaluator.response_vector = query_engine.query(eval_query) # Compute faithfulness evaluation eval_result = faithfulness_gpt4.evaluate_response(response=response_vector) # You can check passing parameter in eval_result if it passed the evaluation. eval_result.passing True
Relevancy Evaluator
RelevancyEvaluator is useful to measure if the response and source nodes (retrieved context) match the query. Useful to see if response actually answers the query.
Instantiate RelevancyEvaluator for relevancy evaluation with gpt-4 from llama_index.evaluation
import RelevancyEvaluator relevancy_gpt4 = RelevancyEvaluator(service_context=service_context_gpt4)
Let’s do relevancy evaluation for one of the query.# Pick a query query = queries[10] query “Based on the author’s experience and observations, why did he consider the AI practices during his first year of grad school as a hoax? Provide specific examples from the text to support your answer.”# Generate response.# response_vector has response and source nodes (retrieved context) response_vector = query_engine.query(query) # Relevancy evaluation eval_result = relevancy_gpt4.evaluate_response( query=query, response=response_vector ) # You can check passing parameter in eval_result if it passed the evaluation. eval_result.passing True# You can get the feedback for the evaluation. eval_result.feedback ‘YES’
Batch Evaluator:
Now that we have done FaithFulness and Relevancy Evaluation independently. LlamaIndex has BatchEvalRunner to compute multiple evaluations in batch wise manner. from llama_index.evaluation import BatchEvalRunner # Let’s pick top 10 queries to do evaluation batch_eval_queries = queries[:10] # Initiate BatchEvalRunner to compute FaithFulness and Relevancy Evaluation. runner = BatchEvalRunner( {“faithfulness”: faithfulness_gpt4, “relevancy”: relevancy_gpt4}, workers=8, ) # Compute evaluation eval_results =await runner.aevaluate_queries( query_engine, queries=batch_eval_queries ) # Let’s get faithfulness score faithfulness_score = sum(result.passing for result in eval_results[‘faithfulness’]) / len(eval_results[‘faithfulness’]) faithfulness_score 1.0# Let’s get relevancy score relevancy_score = sum(result.passing for result in eval_results[‘faithfulness’]) / len(eval_results[‘relevancy’]) relevancy_score 1.0
Observation
Faithfulness score of 1.0 signifies that the generated answers contain no hallucinations and are entirely based on retrieved context.
Relevancy score of 1.0 suggests that the answers generated are consistently aligned with the retrieved context and the queries.
Conclusion
In this notebook, we have explored how to build and evaluate a RAG pipeline using LlamaIndex, with a specific focus on evaluating the retrieval system and generated responses within the pipeline.
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